Why_this_webapp Bibliography

Worldwide AI Ethics: a review of 200 guidelines and recommendations for AI governance / 2206.11922 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2206.11922 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction

On the Current and Emerging Challenges of Developing Fair and Ethical AI Solutions in Financial Services / 2111.01306 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.01306 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

What does it mean to be a responsible AI practitioner: An ontology of roles and skills / 2205.03946 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.03946 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4 Proposed competency framework for responsible AI practitioners

A multilevel framework for AI governance / 2307.03198 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.03198 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

From OECD to India: Exploring cross-cultural differences in perceived trust, responsibility and reliance of AI and human experts / 2307.15452 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.15452 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1. Introduction
References

Regulating AI manipulation: Applying Insights from behavioral economics and psychology to enhance the practicality of the EU AI Act / 2308.02041 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.02041 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 Clarifying Terminologies of Article-5: Insights from Behavioral Economics and Psychology
References

From Military to Healthcare: Adopting and Expanding Ethical Principles for Generative Artificial Intelligence / 2308.02448 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.02448 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

What is Generative Artificial Intelligence?

Ethical Considerations and Policy Implications for Large Language Models: Guiding Responsible Development and Deployment / 2308.02678 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.02678 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Hallucination
Bias and Discrimination of Training Data

Normative Ethics Principles for Responsible AI Systems: Taxonomy and Future Directions / 2208.12616 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.12616 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

Bad, mad, and cooked: Moral responsibility for civilian harms in human-AI military teams / 2211.06326 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.06326 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Introduction

Getting pwn'd by AI: Penetration Testing with Large Language Models / 2308.00121 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.00121 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4 Discussion

Collect, Measure, Repeat: Reliability Factors for Responsible AI Data Collection / 2308.12885 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.12885 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence -- Violet Teaming Offers a Balanced Path Forward / 2308.14253 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.14253 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

10 Supplemental & additional details

Artificial Intelligence in Career Counseling: A Test Case with ResumAI / 2308.14301 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.14301 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4 Results and discussion

Rethinking Machine Ethics -- Can LLMs Perform Moral Reasoning through the Lens of Moral Theories? / 2308.15399 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.15399 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related works
3 Theory and method
4 Experiment
5 Conclusion
References
Ethical statement
A Details of datasets

The AI Revolution: Opportunities and Challenges for the Finance Sector / 2308.16538 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.16538 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

6 Regulation of AI and regulating through AI

Ethical Framework for Harnessing the Power of AI in Healthcare and Beyond / 2309.00064 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.00064 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
2 Black box and lack of transparency
3 Bias and fairness
4 Human-centric AI
6 Way forward

Pathway to Future Symbiotic Creativity / 2209.02388 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.02388 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Part 1 - 3 Artistic Systems: Mimicking Inspiration

The Cambridge Law Corpus: A Corpus for Legal AI Research / 2309.12269 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.12269 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
2 The Cambridge Law Corpus
3 Legal and Ethical Considerations
4 Experiments
General References
Cambridge Law Corpus: Datasheet

EALM: Introducing Multidimensional Ethical Alignment in Conversational Information Retrieval / 2310.00970 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.00970 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
1 Introduction
3 Dataset Construction
4 Modeling Ethics

If our aim is to build morality into an artificial agent, how might we begin to go about doing so? / 2310.08295 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.08295 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 Emotion, Sentience and Morality

ClausewitzGPT Framework: A New Frontier in Theoretical Large Language Model Enhanced Information Operations / 2310.07099 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.07099 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

ClausewitzGPT and Modern Strategy

The AI Incident Database as an Educational Tool to Raise Awareness of AI Harms: A Classroom Exploration of Efficacy, Limitations, & Future Improvements / 2310.06269 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.06269 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
References

A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethics / 2310.05694 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.05694 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

VI. IMPROVING FAIRNESS, ACCOUNTABILITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND ETHICS

STREAM: Social data and knowledge collective intelligence platform for TRaining Ethical AI Models / 2310.05563 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.05563 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
1 Introduction
2 STREAM: Social data and knowledge collective intelligence platform for TRaining Ethical AI Models
3 The applications of STREAM
4 Conclusion and Future Work
References

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry / 2310.05414 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.05414 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

Compromise in Multilateral Negotiations and the Global Regulation of Artificial Intelligence / 2309.17158 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.17158 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2. The practice of multilateral negotiation and the mechanisms of compromises

An Evaluation of GPT-4 on the ETHICS Dataset / 2309.10492 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.10492 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
2 Datasets and Methods
3 Results
4 Discussion

AI & Blockchain as sustainable teaching and learning tools to cope with the 4IR / 2305.01088 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.01088 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

5. AI-powered assessment and evaluation
7. AI-powered content creation and curation

Ensuring Trustworthy Medical Artificial Intelligence through Ethical and Philosophical Principles / 2304.11530 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.11530 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Towards solving key ethical challenges in Medical AI

FUTURE-AI: International consensus guideline for trustworthy and deployable artificial intelligence in healthcare / 2309.12325 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.12325 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3 FUTURE-AI Guideline
Appendix A Tables

Specific versus General Principles for Constitutional AI / 2310.13798 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.13798 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 AI feedback on specific problematic AI traits
3 Generalization from a Simple Good for Humanity Principle
4 Reinforcement Learning with Good-for-Humanity Preference Models
H Samples
I Responses on Prompts from PALMS, LaMDA, and InstructGPT

The Self 2.0: How AI-Enhanced Self-Clones Transform Self-Perception and Improve Presentation Skills / 2310.15112 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.15112 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction

Systematic AI Approach for AGI: Addressing Alignment, Energy, and AGI Grand Challenges / 2310.15274 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.15274 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

5 System Design for AI Alignment
References

A Comprehensive Review of AI-enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Trends, Vision , and Challenges / 2310.16360 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16360 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

V. Challenges and Future Aspect on AI Enabled UAV

Unpacking the Ethical Value Alignment in Big Models / 2310.17551 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.17551 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 Risks and Ethical Issues of Big Model
3 Investigating the Ethical Values of Large Language Models
4 Equilibrium Alignment: A Prospective Paradigm for Ethical Value Alignmen
References

Moral Responsibility for AI Systems / 2310.18040 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.18040 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
6 Degree of Responsibility
7 Conclusion and Future Work
References

Human Participants in AI Research: Ethics and Transparency in Practice / 2311.01254 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.01254 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

A Evaluating Current Practices for Human-Participants Research

A Brief History of Prompt: Leveraging Language Models. (Through Advanced Prompting) / 2310.04438 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.04438 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

IX. 2019: THE YEAR OF CONTROL

Safety, Trust, and Ethics Considerations for Human-AI Teaming in Aerospace Control / 2311.08943 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.08943 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

How Trustworthy are Open-Source LLMs? An Assessment under Malicious Demonstrations Shows their Vulnerabilities / 2311.09447 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.09447 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction

Prudent Silence or Foolish Babble? Examining Large Language Models' Responses to the Unknown / 2311.09731 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.09731 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3 Experiments
References

Revolutionizing Customer Interactions: Insights and Challenges in Deploying ChatGPT and Generative Chatbots for FAQs / 2311.09976 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.09976 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2. Chatbots Background and Scope of Research
3. Chatbot approaches overview: Taxonomy of existing methods
6. Open chanllenges
7. Future Research Directions

Case Repositories: Towards Case-Based Reasoning for AI Alignment / 2311.10934 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.10934 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
3 Related Work and Discussion
References

Responsible AI Considerations in Text Summarization Research: A Review of Current Practices / 2311.11103 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.11103 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 Background & Related Work

Assessing AI Impact Assessments: A Classroom Study / 2311.11193 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.11193 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4 Findings

Potential Societal Biases of ChatGPT in Higher Education: A Scoping Review / 2311.14381 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.14381 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Findings
Conclusion

Generative AI and US Intellectual Property Law / 2311.16023 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.16023 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

Control Risk for Potential Misuse of Artificial Intelligence in Science / 2312.06632 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.06632 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3 Control the Risks of AI Models in Science
5 Discussion
Appendix D Details of Benchmark Results

Disentangling Perceptions of Offensiveness: Cultural and Moral Correlates / 2312.06861 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.06861 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
...
Moral Factors
A Appendix

Navigating the generative AI era: Introducing the AI assessment scale for ethical GenAI assessment / 2312.07086 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.07086 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Introduction

Designing Guiding Principles for NLP for Healthcare: A Case Study of Maternal Health / 2312.11803 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.11803 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4 Results

Beyond Fairness: Alternative Moral Dimensions for Assessing Algorithms and Designing Systems / 2312.12559 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.12559 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
References

Learning Human-like Representations to Enable Learning Human Values / 2312.14106 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.14106 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
1. Introduction
3. Experiments on Synthetic Data
4. Experiments on Human Data using Language Models
5. Discussion
References
A. Appendix

The Economics of Human Oversight: How Norms and Incentives Affect Costs and Performance of AI Workers / 2312.14565 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.14565 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

II. Theoretical background and hypotheses
References

Culturally-Attuned Moral Machines: Implicit Learning of Human Value Systems by AI through Inverse Reinforcement Learning / 2312.17479 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.17479 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
References

Exploring the Frontiers of LLMs in Psychological Applications: A Comprehensive Review / 2401.01519 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.01519 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2. LLMs in cognitive and behavioral psychology
5. LLMs in social and cultural psychology
6. LLMs as research tools in psychology
7. Challenges and future directions
8. Conclusion

Synthetic Data in AI: Challenges, Applications, and Ethical Implications / 2401.01629 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.01629 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3. The usage of synthetic data

Towards Responsible AI in Banking: Addressing Bias for Fair Decision-Making / 2401.08691 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.08691 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
6 FFTree: a flexible tree to mitigate multiple fairness criteria
III Accounting for bias - 7 Addressing fairness in the banking sector
8 Fairview: an evaluative AI support for addressing fairness
9 Towards fairness through time

Five ethical principles for generative AI in scientific research / 2401.15284 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.15284 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Principle 4: Apply AI beneficially

A Scoping Study of Evaluation Practices for Responsible AI Tools: Steps Towards Effectiveness Evaluations / 2401.17486 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.17486 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References
A List of RAI tools, with their primary publication
C List of publications, with their associated RAI tools

Responsible developments and networking research: a reflection beyond a paper ethical statement / 2402.00442 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.00442 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

(A)I Am Not a Lawyer, But...: Engaging Legal Experts towards Responsible LLM Policies for Legal Advice / 2402.01864 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.01864 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
2 Related work and our approach
4 Results
References

Ethics in AI through the Practitioner's View: A Grounded Theory Literature Review / 2206.09514 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2206.09514 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

5 Findings
References

I Think, Therefore I am: Benchmarking Awareness of Large Language Models Using AwareBench / 2401.17882 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.17882 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

5 Experiments
Limitation
B Experimental Settings & Results

Mapping the Ethics of Generative AI: A Comprehensive Scoping Review / 2402.08323 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.08323 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

User Modeling and User Profiling: A Comprehensive Survey / 2402.09660 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.09660 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4 Current Taxonomy

Inadequacies of Large Language Model Benchmarks in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence / 2402.09880 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.09880 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

II. Background and Related Work
IV. Technological Aspects
VI. Human Dynamics
Appendix C Examples of Benchmark Inadequacies in Human Dynamics

What if LLMs Have Different World Views: Simulating Alien Civilizations with LLM-based Agents / 2402.13184 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.13184 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

5 Evaluation

The METRIC-framework for assessing data quality for trustworthy AI in medicine: a systematic review / 2402.13635 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.13635 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

Multi-stakeholder Perspective on Responsible Artificial Intelligence and Acceptability in Education / 2402.15027 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.15027 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 Background

FATE in MMLA: A Student-Centred Exploration of Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics in Multimodal Learning Analytics / 2402.19071 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.19071 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

4. Results
5. Discussion

Guidelines for Integrating Value Sensitive Design in Responsible AI Toolkits / 2403.00145 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.00145 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References
B Toolkits Considered for Inclusion

Towards an AI-Enhanced Cyber Threat Intelligence Processing Pipeline / 2403.03265 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.03265 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

III. The AI-Enhanced CTI Processing Pipeline

A Survey on Human-AI Teaming with Large Pre-Trained Models / 2403.04931 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.04931 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2 AI Model Improvements with Human-AI Teaming
3 Effective Human-AI Joint Systems

Exploring the Frontiers of LLMs in Psychological Applications: A Comprehensive Review / 2401.01519 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.01519 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

References

AGI Artificial General Intelligence for Education / 2304.12479 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.12479 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

2. What is AGI

Moral Judgments in Narratives on Reddit Investigating Moral Sparks via Social Commonsense and Linguistic Signals / 2310.19268 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.19268 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Data
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion and Conclusion
References

Legally Binding but Unfair? Towards Assessing Fairness of Privacy Policies / 2403.08115 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.08115 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

II. Related Work
VI. Ethics and Morality
Appendix

Evaluation Ethics of LLMs in Legal Domain / 2403.11152 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.11152 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3 Method
4 Experiment

Trust in AI: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions / 2403.14680 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.14680 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3. Findings

AI Ethics: A Bibliometric Analysis, Critical Issues, and Key Gaps / 2403.14681 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.14681 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Definitions

Safeguarding Marketing Research: The Generation, Identification, and Mitigation of AI-Fabricated Disinformation / 2403.14706 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.14706 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Results
Web Appendix A: Analysis of the Disinformation Manipulations

The Journey to Trustworthy AI- Part 1 Pursuit of Pragmatic Frameworks / 2403.15457 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.15457 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

6 Bias and Fairness

The Pursuit of Fairness in Artificial Intelligence Models A Survey / 2403.17333 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.17333 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

7 Challenges and Limitations
References

Domain-Specific Evaluation Strategies for AI in Journalism / 2403.17911 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.17911 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3 Blueprints for AI Evaluation in Journalism

Power and Play Investigating License to Critique in Teams AI Ethics Discussions / 2403.19049 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.19049 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction and Related Work
3 RQ1: What Factors Influence Members’ “Licens to Critique” when Discussing AI Ethics with their Team?
References

Implications of the AI Act for Non-Discrimination Law and Algorithmic Fairness / 2403.20089 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.20089 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

3 Implications of the AI Act

AI Act and Large Language Models (LLMs): When critical issues and privacy impact require human and ethical oversight / 2404.00600 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.00600 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

5. Human Oversight

Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Survey / 2404.00990 / ISBN:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.00990 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

1 Introduction
2 Applications of Large Language Models in Legal Tasks
4 Legal Problems of Large Languge Models
5 Data Resources for Large Language Models in Law
References

Frontier AI Ethics: Anticipating and Evaluating the Societal Impacts of Generative Agents / 2404.06750 / ISBN:https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.06750 / Published by ArXiv / on (web) Publishing site

Rebooting Machine Ethics